Therapeutic peptides

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a ligand isolated from  Moraxella catarrhalis  outer membrane protein which binds to CEACAM receptors, said ligand comprising a receptor binding domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group disclosed, or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof. The invention also provides medicaments and vaccines comprising said ligand, and their use in the treatment or prophylaxis of infection. Also provided is a screening method for the identification of novel therapeutic compounds.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to international application number PCT/GB2003/004273, filed Oct. 1, 2003, which designates the United States and was published in English on Apr. 15, 2004 as international publication number WO 2004/031236 A2, which in turn claims priority to GB 02227643, filed Oct. 2, 2002. This application also claims priority to GB 0408390.3, filed Apr. 15, 2004, and GB 0419594.7, filed Sep. 3, 2004. The disclosures of each of PCT/GB2003/004273, filed Oct. 1, 2003, GB 02227643, filed Oct. 2, 2002, GB 0408390.3, filed Apr. 15, 2004 and GB 0419594.7, filed Sep. 3, 2004 are incorporated herein in their entireties by this reference.

This invention relates to therapeutic peptides and in particular to therapeutic peptides which are useful in the preparation of vaccines or other treatments for infection as well as in the screening of compounds for potential pharmaceutical activity in the treatment of infections.

The present inventors have previously identified that Carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) are receptors for pathogens of mucosal membranes, especially for respiratory pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. CEACAMs belong to the CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen (CEA) family, a member of the Immunoglobulin superfamily. The CEA gene family comprises surface expressed (CEA) and secreted (pregnancy-specific glycoprotein, PSG) sub-families. The membrane-associated sub-family redefined as CEACAM (CEA-related cell adhesion molecule) 20 comprises several related glycoproteins of which CEACAM1 is the most widely expressed in distinct human tissues ¹². The studies reported by the inventors primarily used Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with CEACAM1 (previously termed CD66a and BGPc) that contains four extracellular domains, a TM region and a short (S) or a long (L) cytoplasmic tail (molecular formula: NAIBA2-TM-S or L). In addition, soluble truncated constructs containing one or more of the extracellular domains were used. Previous studies demonstrated that both Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae primarily target the N-domain of several CEACAMs ^(7,9,10). Such targeting may lead to cell surface attachment as well as cellular invasion ⁹. In addition, bacteria may bind to CEACAMs on phagocytic cells and T and B lymphocytes. Such interactions may lead to bacterial cell death ⁸, target cell death or inhibition of immune function, e.g. of T and B lymphcytes when N. gonorrhoeae (closely related to N. meningitidis) binds to CEACAMs of these lymphocytes ^(21,22),

The presence of CEACAM-binding ligands in Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae has been a surprising find to the present inventors since CEACAMs have long been associated with outer membrane opacity-associated Opa proteins of Neisseriae and neither Haemophilus influenzae nor Moraxella catarrhalis produce Opa proteins. In the description which follows, the present invention will be described with particular reference to infection of the mucosal membranes, especially of the respiratory membranes, or to infection of the ear (especially otitis media) but it is to be understood that the invention finds equal utility in other areas such as the genital mucosa or the urethrae where CEACAM receptors are implicated in infection or other receptor-binding processes or elsewhere in human infection where bacteria may become disseminated from mucosal surfaces.

The mucosal pathogens Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mx) are human specific organisms and reside in the upper respiratory tract from where they may disseminate to cause serious infections. Meningococcal strains of distinct serogroups may be carried within the nasopharynx of up to 25% of healthy individuals¹. However, in a number of subjects, the organism invades the mucosal barrier to cause one of the most rapidly advancing and extremely serious diseases. The precise factors that increase host susceptibility to meningococcal infection are not fully understood. Moreover, the limited protection afforded by group-specific vaccines and the non-immunogenicity of the group B polysaccharide underscore the need for fundamental studies to understand host susceptibility and identify salient sub-capsular features that could serve as common targets to combat meningococci. Studies by the present inventors have provided an understanding of the molecular basis of meningococcal colonization, the nature of its interactions with human barrier cells (epithelial and endothelial) as well as phagocytic cells. In recent years, the basis for mucosal colonization by commensal Neisseriae has been investigated to understand the features which differentiate between largely harmless colonisers and occasional but serious pathogens such as Nm. In addition, the studies have determined whether commensal Neisseriae could be used as carriers of potential vaccine antigens of Nm.

Up to 75% of healthy individuals may carry strains belonging to the species H. influenzae ². Although as a result of the Hib vaccine, there has been a dramatic decrease in the incidence of the type b disease in the West, diseases caused by non-typable Hi (NTHi) strains remain a major problem. NTHi cause localized as well as disseminated infections including epiglottitis, otitis media, cellulitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, bacteraemia and meningitis. Otitis media is one of the major problems in paediatric medicine and NTHi are responsible for over 20% of episodes in children during the first year of life ^(2,3). NTHi are also associated with acute recurrent and persistent infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis. What determines recurrent infections by NTHI in these patients or multiple episodes of otitis media in children is unclear

Moraxella catarrhalis, another resident of the human respiratory tract, is often isolated from cases of localized infections together with Hi. Both organisms are associated with sinusitis and exacerbations of asthmatic conditions ^(5,6). Mx is the third most common cause of otitis media in children (estimated to be responsible for 3-4 million cases annually). It also causes lower respiratory tract infections in adults especially in patients with COPD ⁵. On rare occasions, it has been associated with disseminated infections ⁵. Both Hi and Mx cause persistent infections and are believed to escape host immune mechanisms and antibiotics by tissue penetration ⁴. Several outer membrane proteins of Mx have been studied with respect to their adhesive properties. However, few cellular receptors for Mx have been identified and many of the details of pathogenic mechanisms remain to be investigated ^(4,5,6).

A primary requirement for respiratory mucosal pathogens is establishment of firm contact with respiratory epithelial cells. The targets of these human tropic pathogens are human specific molecules and studies have to rely on in vitro human tissue and organ cultures. The attachment is often mediated by bacterial phase- and antigenically-variable structures. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that attachment of pathogens is multi-faceted and environmental adaptation plays a significant role in the manner of attachment. Although many recent studies have begun to define various stages in the complex cellular targeting mechanisms, the details of environmental adaptation or host-microbial cross-talk remain to be described.

Recent studies by the present inventors have shown that Nm⁷⁻⁹ and Hi^(10,11) share some distinct and other common mechanisms of targeting certain human cell surface receptors CEACAMs¹². Furthermore, the present inventors have recently identified that clinical isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis also target the human CEACAM molecules. In addition, it has now been found that a Moraxella outer membrane protein of high molecular weight binds to the receptor. Expression of CEACAMs in distinct tissues¹² including respiratory epithelial cells has been demonstrated ²⁴. These observations imply that specific targeting of CEACAMs is of particular advantage to respiratory bacteria and may have arisen as a result of convergent evolution.

Amongst the adhesion factors elaborated by Neisseria meningitidis are pili (fimbriae)^(13,14,16) and the outer membrane opacity proteins, Opa and Opc ^(15,16) Nm pili are long filamentous protein structures composed of multiple pilin subunits. They are generally regarded as the most important adhesins in capsulate bacteria^(13,14,16) due the fact that capsule partly or totally masks outer membrane ligands resulting in their reduced functional efficacy, whilst pili traverse the capsule and remain functional in fully capsulate bacteria. Opa are antigenically variable family of proteins and occur in N. meningitidis as well as N. gonorrhoeae. In meningococci, 3-4 opa gene loci code for related transmembrane proteins with four surface exposed loops, three of which undergo sequence variation ^(16,17) Opc, another trans-membrane protein, is largely invariant^(15,16). Over the last 12 years, the present inventors have investigated structure/function relationships of Nm pili, the virulence potential of Opa and Opc proteins and identified two human receptors for the neisserial opacity proteins. Further, the role of surface sialic acids in bacterial interactions with human target cells as well as the role of LPS and other factors in cellular toxicity have been studied by the present inventors.

The present invention results from the identification by the inventors of a ligand of high molecular weight isolated from Moraxella outer membrane protein which binds to CEACAM receptors.

The ligand can be characterized by its SDS-PAGE migration pattern which is indicative of the USP-family of proteins in that it is broken down to monomers having a molecular weight of between approximately 60 and 150 kD when boiled for a prolonged period. The ligand has also been characterized in Mx strain ATCC 25238 (MX2) as UspA1 and its amino acid sequence determined. The ligand has been further characterized to determine the receptor binding region or domain, i.e. peptide or peptide-associated features that bind to the receptor.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a ligand isolated from Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein which binds to CEACAM receptors, wherein said ligand is a polypeptide comprising or consisting of a receptor binding domain comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of residues 463 to 863, 527 to 623, 527 to 668, 527 to 863, 427 to 623, 427 to 668, and 427 to 863 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6, or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the ligand is a polypeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of residues 527 to 623, 527 to 668, and 427 to 623 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6, or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof.

The term ligand is used herein to denote both the whole molecule which binds to the receptor and any part thereof which includes the receptor binding domain such that it retains the receptor binding property. Thus “ligand” encompasses molecules which consist only of the receptor binding domain i.e. the peptide region or regions required for receptor binding.

In another preferred embodiment, the polypeptide comprises or consists of at least one of the conserved sequences from within the region 427 to 623 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6 which are identified in the alignment shown in FIG. 27. Hence, in this embodiment, the polypeptide comprises or consists of at least one of: QHSSDIKTLK, NVEEGLLDLSGRLIDQKADLTKDIK, NVEEGLLDLSGRLIDQKADIAKNQA, DIAQNQT, DIQDLAAYNELQD, QTEAIDALNKASS, TAELGIAENKKDAQIAKAQANENKDGIAK, NQADIQLHDKKITNLGILHSMVARAVGNNTQGVATNKADIAK, NQADIANNIKNIYELA, NQADIANNI, NIYELA.

It will be understood that the polypeptide ligands of the invention can comprise a receptor binding domain of sequence recited herein which is modified by the addition or deletion of amino acid residues to or from the sequences recited herein at either or both the N or C termini, which modified peptides retain the ability to bind CEACAM receptors. Accordingly, the invention further provides a ligand comprising or consisting of a polypeptide in which 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 3 or 1 amino acid residues have been added to or deleted from an amino acid sequence recited herein at either or both the N or C termini, wherein said modified polypeptide retains the ability to bind CEACAM receptors and/or elicit an immune response against the non-modified peptide. Preferably, the amino acid at position 560 is retained in the modified peptide.

As regards fragments of the polypeptides of the invention, any size fragment may be used in the invention provided that the fragment retains the ability to bind CEACAM receptors. It may be desirable to isolate a minimal peptide which contains only those regions required for receptor binding.

Polypeptide ligands according to the invention may be derived from known Moraxella catarrhalis UspA1 proteins by truncation at either or both of the N- and C-termini. Accordingly, the invention further provides a wild-type UspA1 sequence lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 etc to 520 amino acids from the N-terminus, and/or lacking at least (or exactly) 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 or 200 amino acids from the C-terminus. Preferably, the truncate retains CEACAM binding function. Possible truncates may be selected from those shown in the following table, all of which are within the scope of the invention. TABLE I Possible combinations of truncations to the N- and C-termini of wild-type UspA1 protein No. of amino acids lacking, at least or exactly: From the N- terminus From the C-terminus 0 X 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 30 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 40 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 50 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 60 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 70 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 80 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 100 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 120 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 140 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 160 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 180 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 200 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 260 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 280 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 320 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 340 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 360 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 380 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 400 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 420 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 440 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 460 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 480 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 500 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 520 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Known wild-type UspA1 sequences that may be truncated in this way are those of strains ATCC25238 (MX2; GenBank accession no. AAD43465), P44 (AAN84895), O35E (AAB96359), TTA37 (AAF40122), O12E (AAF40118), O46E (AAF36416), VI 171 (AAD43469), TTA24 (AAD43467) (see Example 10, Table 11). Ideally the UspA1 truncate of this embodiment comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of residues 463 to 863, 527 to 623, 527 to 668, 527 to 863, 427 to 623, 427 to 668, and 427 to 863 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6, or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof, or comprises or consists of at least one of the conserved sequences from within the region 427 to 623 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6 which are identified in the alignment shown in FIG. 27, for example: QHSSDIKTLK, NVEEGLLDLSGRLIDQKADLTKDIK, NVEEGLLDLSGRLIDQKADIAKNQA, DIAQNQT, DIQDLAAYNELQD, QTEAIDALNKASS,. TAELGIAENKKDAQIAKAQANENKDGIAK, NQADIQLHDKKITNLGILHSMVARAVGNNTQGVATNKADIAK, NQADIANMKNIYELA, NQADIANNI, NIYELA.

It may be convenient to produce fusion proteins containing polypeptide ligands as described herein. Accordingly, in a further embodiment, the invention provides fusion proteins comprising polypeptide ligands according to the invention. Preferably a fusion protein according to this embodiment is less than 50% identical to any known full length sequence over its entire length.

Homologous peptides may be identified by sequence comparison. Homologous peptides are preferably at least 60% identical, more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% identical in ascending order of preference to the peptide sequences disclosed herein or fragments thereof over their entire length. Preferably the homologous peptide retains the ability to bind CEACAM receptors and/or elicit an immune response against the peptide sequences disclosed herein or fragment thereof. Preferably the amino acid at position 560 or homologous position is lysine.

FIG. 20 shows an alignment of peptide sequences of different origin which indicates regions of sequence that are capable of being modified whilst retaining function (i.e. CEACAM binding ability).

The inventors have determined that the CEACAM binding ability of the peptide ligand is associated with an α-helical based conformation as determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, as opposed to a random coil structure. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the peptide ligand or receptor binding domain of the invention or fragment or homologue or other derivative thereof adopts an α-helical structure. Optionally, the structure is a coiled coil structure. Preferably, CD spectroscopy is performed as described in the accompanying examples.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides peptides which are structurally homologous to the peptides disclosed herein or fragments thereof. A structurally homologous peptide is a homologous peptide as described above which gives a circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy trace indicative of an α-helical based conformation as shown in FIG. 18. Mimotopes of the peptides disclosed herein or fragments thereof are also envisaged. Mimotopes may comprise D-amino acids or non-natural amino acid substitutions but still retain the functional characteristics of the peptides disclosed herein, including a CD trace indicative of an α-helical based conformation.

The α-helical based conformation revealed by the inventors indicates that the peptides disclosed herein possess a globular sub-unit structure that does not rely on an associated membrane to achieve the appropriate conformation for CEACAM binding.

Accordingly, in a still further embodiment, the invention provides a globular sub-unit molecule comprising the peptide ligand or receptor binding domain of the invention which is not a full-length UspA1 protein and which is capable of binding CEACAM receptors without the need for an outer membrane to be present. Preferably the globular sub-unit molecule comprises less than 200 amino acids, more preferably less than 100 amino acids.

Structurally and/or functionally equivalent receptor binding domains may also occur in other UspA-like proteins since hybrid proteins occur in Mx that may contain mosaic epitopes derived from both UspA 1 and UspA2 proteins²³. Ligands comprising such equivalent receptor binding domains are also within the scope of the invention.

The CEACAM binding property of the peptide ligand means that it has utility as both an antigen (i.e. in a vaccine) and as an “antibiotic” whereby it is administered in order to block CEACAM binding and so prevent binding and entry of the pathogen.

Hence, the ligand or receptor binding domain is preferably suitable for use in the prevention or treatment of infection.

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding the ligand protein of the present invention together with homologues, fragments, polymorphisms, degenerates and splice variants thereof.

The ligand of the invention, or combinations thereof may be used in a vaccine or other prophylactic treatment of infection.

The vaccine or other prophylactic treatment may comprise any known adjuvant, vehicle, excipient, binder, carrier, preservatives and the like, to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable preparation of the ligand for use in the treatment of a patient.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutically acceptable preparation of the ligand for use in medicine.

The pharmaceutically acceptable preparation of the ligand may be used in the treatment or prevention of any disease where CEACAM receptors are implicated, for example in the treatment or prevention of infection, respiratory disease, neoplastic diseases and associated conditions of neoplastic diseases, and angiogenesis.

Preferably, where an infection is treated, the infection is of, or has occurred via, the mucosal membrane, especially a respiratory infection.

More preferably, the ligand is used as a vaccine for or in other prophylaxis or treatment of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Ideally, the ligand is used as a vaccine for or in other prophylaxis or treatment of otitis media.

In a further aspect, the ligand of the present invention may also be used to identify novel blocking reagents for use as therapeutic agents to protect vulnerable groups and the public in general against several mucosal pathogens. For example the ligand may be used to identify receptor analogs which are useful for this purpose.

Hence the present invention also provides a screening assay for the identification of novel blocking reagents for use as therapeutic agents, the assay comprising the steps of screening potential therapeutic agents for their ability to mimic or for their homology to the ligand of the present invention. The invention further provides therapeutic agents identified by the aforementioned screening assay.

Effective vaccine components may be produced by using the information of the receptor targeting mechanisms identified by the present invention such as biologically active peptide mimics. These could prevent bacterial colonization/invasion of mucosa as well as elicit antibodies which may be blocking, opsonic and bactericidal.

Bacterially derived biologically active peptide sequences identified by the ligand of the present invention could be used to study the roles of CEACAMs in cancer and development as the molecules are associated with these processes. These also have potential as anti-cancer agents and to control or otherwise in the treatment of angiogenesis.

The information generated by the inventors regarding the conformation of the peptide ligand of the invention could be used to design a synthetic nano-structure e.g. from plastic. Such a structure would have the advantages of being resistant to biological degradation and non-immunogenic. As such it would be particularly useful as an “antibiotic” acting to prevent binding and entry of pathogen by blocking CEACAM receptors.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides the use of a CEACAM receptor-binding ligand in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease in which CEACAM receptors are involved in cellular targeting of the pathogen which causes the disease, wherein the ligand comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of residues 463 to 863, 527 to 623, 527 to 668, 527 to 863, 427 to 623, 427 to 668, and 427 to 863 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6, or a fragment, homologue, functional equivalent, derivative, degenerate or hydroxylation, sulphonation or glycosylation product or other secondary processing product thereof.

Other ligands suitable for use in this aspect of the invention are polypeptides comprising or consisting of at least one of the conserved sequences from within the region 427 to 623 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6 which are identified in the alignment shown in FIG. 27, for example: QHSSDIKTLK, NVEEGLLDLSGRLIDQKADLTKDIK, NVEEGLLDLSGRLIDQKADIAKNQA, DIAQNQT, DIQDLAAYNELQD, QTEAIDALNKASS, TAELGIAENKKDAQIAKAQANENKDGIAK, NQADIQLHDKKITNLGILHSMVARAVGNNTQGVATNKADIAK, NQADIANNIKNIYELA, NQADIANNI, NIYELA.

Preferably, the disease is selected from the group consisting of infection, respiratory disease, neoplastic disease and associated conditions of neoplastic disease, and angiogenesis.

Medicaments as described above are of particular utility where the pathogen infects, or enters via, a mucosal membrane. Medicaments as described herein are particularly useful in the treatment or prevention of infections (disease) caused by Moraxella catarrhalis. However, ligands as described herein are useful in the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of any disease where CEACAM receptors are implicated such as diseases caused by Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the disease is otitis media.

Ligands of the invention may also be used in the treatment of diseases caused by other oral bacteria, such as dental caries.

The oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum is associated with gum disease but has also been linked with otitis media, still births and in rare cases with bacteraemia. Recent work by the inventors has shown that several isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum bind to CEACAMs and that binding of CEACAM1 to F. nucleatum can be inhibited by a polypeptide ligand as disclosed herein suggesting that ligands or receptor binding domains of the invention have utility in the treatment or prevention of diseases caused by this pathogen.

The ability of D-7, a preferred polypeptide ligand according to the invention, to block interactions of non-capsulate (not shown) or capsulate bacteria with HeLa-CC1H (Example 7), to block binding to multiple CEACAMs and its efficacy against a number of mucosal opportunist species (Example 7), makes it an anti-microbial agent with significant potential. In addition, its ability to evoke antibody response that block Mx adhesion (Example 8) suggests its potential as a vaccine candidate, alone or as a part of a multicomponent vaccine (together with other Mx antigens such as: UspA2, Hag/MID, OMPCD, Mcap) to prevent otitis media or lung infections in which Mx is often implicated ⁵. Vaccines based on adhesins have been successfully used, for example against uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a mouse cystitis model by systemic vaccination ²⁹.

Inclusion of a ligand according to the invention as a prophylactic drug may be considered in a variety of situations where the risk of acquiring particularly virulent or antibiotic resistant strains is high and may be delivered by direct topical application or via probiotics. In the case of bacteria that attach to target tissues via carbohydrate-lectin interactions, soluble carbohydrates have successfully prevented infections in in vitro and animal models ^(30,31,32) Topical application of a synthetic peptide corresponding to a region of Streptococcus mutans protein SAI/II was shown to inhibit binding by S. mutans in human subjects. The study used peptide at 1 mg. ml⁻¹ in a mouthwash daily for 2 weeks and this was sufficient to prevent colonization ³³. Probiotics in the shape of lactobacilli have been used to prevent numerous infections ^(34,35). In addition, a recombinant E. coli strain has been used as a probiotic in which LPS genes were modified to encode a structural mimic of the Shiga toxin receptor. Oral administration of this strain was shown to prevent death in mice from lethal challenge with shiga-toxin-producing E. coli³⁶. Topically applied interfering peptides have a further advantage in that they can be delivered when and where required by the use of transitory probiotics or by expression vectors that can be controlled for the timing or the levels of expression. Thus the length of exposure to the anti-microbial agent can be controlled ^(37,38).

Interference by targeting the binding domain of the receptor, mimics bacterial adherence and is unlikely to have deleterious effect over and above that of binding of native commensal bacterial ligands. Also, such specific strategy ensures tolerance towards other commensal microflora, very few of which bind to CEACAMs^(7,10,38). Moreover, the monomeric and monovalent nature of the predominating form of the peptide is less likely to trigger undesirable signaling which, for CEACAMs, appears to be induced on receptor clustering ^(11,39).

Scope may exist for improvement of D-7 by further identifying critical amino acids involved in CEACAM interaction and modifications to reduce its size whilst ensuring binding as well as its longevity in vivo. Such modifications could include incorporation of unnatural or D-amino acids ³³. Resistance to such anti-adhesive/anti-invasive treatments is unlikely to occur since any changes in the bacterial ligand are likely themselves to lead to a loss of function and in this case colonization/infection. Emergence of mutants with completely altered receptor specificity due to peptide competition would not be expected to arise more frequently than usual since competition for the receptor is likely between the pathogens in the natural situation. Thus, D-7 has the potential to serve as an anti-adhesive agent against several pathogens and as a vaccine candidate.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described purely by way of non-limiting example in which reference is made to the figures of which:—

FIG. 1 is a graph showing relative binding levels of CEACAM1-Fc (1 μg.ml⁻¹) soluble receptor construct alone (white, left hand bars), or in the presence of the CEACAM1 N-domain specific antibody YTH71.3 (grey, centre bars) to 3 strains of Mx immobilized on nitrocellulose. CD33-Fc binding in each case was negligible (black, right hand bars). Strains 1, 2, 3: MX2 (ATCC 25238), MX3, MX4 (clinical isolates) respectively. Binding was determined in a dot blot overlay and the intensity of reactions quantified by densitometric analysis using NIH Scion Image program.

FIG. 2 shows a Western blot of the strain MX2 proteins separated under undissociating (unheated, lane 1) or after boiling for 10 min. (lane 2). Blot was overlaid with CEACAM1-Fc (1 μg.ml⁻¹) and the receptor binding detected with anti-human Fc antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and its substrate.

FIG. 3 shows Western blots of denatured whole cell lysates of strains MX2, -3, -4 (lanes 1-3 respectively) were overlaid with CEACAM1-Fc (1 μg. ml⁻¹; a), anti-UspA1 peptide antibody (10 μg.ml⁻¹; b) and anti-UspA2 peptide antibody (10 μg.ml⁻¹; c). Note the similar migration profile of CEACAM1-Fc binding proteins and anti-UspA1 binding proteins in the three strains. Remnants of undissociated proteins at c. 250 kDa, (detected in this case due to higher sensitivity of detection in the alkaline phosphatase assay), bind to CEACAM1-Fc. These are only weakly recognized by the anti-peptide antibodies, presumably since the epitopes contained within synthetic peptides are not fully exposed in the native protein, which become progressively exposed as the complex denatures. Anti-UspA2 antibodies bind to proteins of apparent masses >200 kDa, which remain undissociated after boiling, a property indicative of UspA2 proteins.

FIG. 4 shows a mass spectrum of tryptic peptides of the CEACAM1 binding protein of MX2 following electro-elution (4a). The summary of data input into the ProFound protein identification database is shown in (4b). A table of the top ten identified proteins and the probability values are shown in (4c). Detail of the number 1 ranked candidate, in this case UspA1 with a Z-score of 2.34 is shown in (4d) indicating the number of peptides matched, their positions within the protein, the % of the protein covered and a list of peptides unmatched on this occasion.

FIG. 5 shows Western blot analysis of tryptic fragments of UspA1 of MX2. A: control blot using secondary antibodies (mixture of goat anti-human Fc and goat anti-rabbit Ig used in B and C). B: blot overlaid with CEACAM1-Fc and goat anti-human Fc. C: blot overlaid with affinity purified rabbit antibodies raised against UspA1 peptide (ETNNHQDQKIDQLGYALKEQGQHFNNR (SEQ ID NO:1)) (see FIG. 6) and anti-rabbit Ig. *=lanes with molecular weight markers—shown on the left. The peptides shown by the double arrows react strongly with CEACAM 1-Fc (B) as well as the anti-UspA1 peptide antibodies (C). The binding of the anti-UspA1 peptide antibodies to the lowest MW peptide (arrowhead) identifies this CEACAM-binding fragment as the C-terminal fragment contained within N-199 to K-863 of UspA 1 of MX2 (see FIG. 6).

FIG. 6 shows the amino acid sequence of MX2 UspA1 protein (SEQ ID NO:2). UspA1-specific peptide used to raise antisera in rabbits is shown in bold. The CEACAM-binding region is contained in the underlined C-terminal fragment of UspA1 of MX2.

FIG. 7 shows the separation of tryptic peptides reacting with CEACAMs. M catarrhalis strain MX2 was treated with 1 mg/ml trypsin at 37° C. for 10 min. Trypsinized sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE. After staining, 50 kDa region was electroeluted overnight. Electroeluted protein was freeze dried and resuspended in buffer and applied to a second gel. Part of the gel was blotted onto nitrocellulose and peptide bands reacting with CEACAM were identified by Western blot overlay using CEACAM1-Fc (Blot).

‘*’ denotes peptide bands sent for N-terminal sequencing.

FIG. 8 shows the amino acid sequence of a tryptic peptide of MX2 UspA1 protein (SEQ ID NO:3). The 50 kDa tryptic peptide shown (amino acids 463 to 863) binds CEACAM and antiserum against UspA1 peptide (amino acids 753-780 underlined). The N-terminal sequence of the c. 50 kDa CEACAM binding peptide is “ALESNVEEGL” (SEQ ID NO:4) that occurs after the trypsin cleavage site at amino acid 462.

FIG. 9 shows a diagrammatic representation of the positions of primers used to generate uspA1 gene fragments for the expression of recombinant peptides. The CEACAM1 binding site was encoded by DNA amplified by primers P4 and P7, additional primers throughout this region (letters A-I) were designed and employed.

FIG. 10 shows the sequence of the recombinant fragment 4-7 (SEQ ID NO:5). The underlined region is the N-terminal region of the CEACAM1-reactive tryptic peptide. The predicted molecular weight of the fragment 4-7 is c. 26 kDa. The predicted MW of the His-tagged fragment: c. 28 kDa. The position of the truncated peptide is shown by ‘T’ (see FIG. 13).

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the general cloning, expression and purification strategy for recombinant UspA1 peptides, as exemplified by the pQE30 system.

FIG. 12 is a map of the vector pQE30.

FIG. 13 shows binding of CEACAM1-Fc in blot overlay to recombinants 4-8 (lane 3), 4-T (lane 4) and 4-7 (lane 5) polypeptides. Lane 1 contained a Treponemal control recombinant peptide and lane 2 contained lysates of non-induced M15 containing 4-8 construct.

FIG. 14 shows Western blots showing recombinant peptide reactivity with anti-His tag antibody (top) and CEACAM1-Fc (bottom). Lanes 2-4 contained 6-8 peptide, lane 1 contained 4-8 as a control. Predicted migration positions of the peptides are shown on the right. Both peptides bind anti-His antibody. However, whilst 4-8 binds to CEACAM1-Fc, 6-8 does not.

FIG. 15 shows that D-8 polypeptide binds CEACAM1-Fc (lane 1) but not CD33-Fc used as a control (lane 2). The origin of this peptide was confirmed by reactivity with the anti-His tag antibody (lane 3).

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing the relative sizes and positions of rUspA1 fragments. Recombinant 4-7 has been used for bacterial blocking—see FIG. 17.

FIG. 17 shows CHO-CEACAM1 transfectants were incubated in the absence of peptides (A) or with recombinant control peptide (a treponemal peptide, B) or UspA1 r4-7 peptide (sequence corresponding to the strain MX2, C and D) at the concentrations shown and bacteria added for a period of 2 hours. At the end of this incubation, unbound bacteria were washed off and bound bacteria detected with anti-M. catarrhalis polyclonal antiserum and TRITC conjugated secondary antibody. At 1 μg/ml significant inhibition of a heterologous M. catarrhalis strain (MX 1) was obtained and at 10 μg per ml, H. influenzae binding was significantly inhibited by M. catarrhalis UspA1 recombinant peptide.

FIG. 18 is a graph showing the circular dichroism spectra of recombinant D-7 peptide and D-7 with K 560 l mutation. The spectra indicate that D-7 has an α-helical structure whereas D-7 (K 560 l) adopts a random coil formation.

FIG. 19 shows a series of linear peptides spanning the D-T region which do not bind CEACAM1. The K residue corresponding to K560 of D-7 is underlined.

FIG. 20 is an alignment of the D-7 region of the amino acid sequences of the UspA1 proteins often strains of Mx: TTA24, TTA37, p44, O12E, O35E, O46E, MX2, V1171, MX3 and MX4. The top line shows the majority sequence.

FIG. 21 is a manual alignment of 035E D-7 versus MX2 D-7. The top line shows the majority sequence.

FIG. 22 is a table showing sequence identity of D-7 regions of Mx isolates as determined by MegAlign™ (DNASTAR Inc.).

FIG. 23 shows recombinant peptide D-7 (but not recombinant 6-8 i.e. residues E659-K863 of UspA1 of MX2) inhibits binding of both homologous and heterologous strains to transfected CHO cells expressing CEACAM1. Following preincubation of cells with either no peptide (column 1), control peptide (2 μg.ml⁻¹; column 2), or D-7 (2 μg.ml⁻¹; column 3) bacteria were added and non-adherent bacteria removed by washing after 1 h incubation. Bacteria associated with cells were then detected using antisera raised against distinct strains and rhodamine conjugated secondary antibodies. Mx: Moraxella catarrhalis, Nm. Neisseria meningitidis; Hi: Haemophilus influenzae.

FIG. 24 is a series of charts showing inhibition of bacterial-CC 1-Fc interactions by D-7. (a) A dose dependent inhibition of the receptor binding to the homologous Mx strain MX2 (grey columns) and to a heterologous strain MX1 (black columns) was displayed over the peptide concentration range 0.001-0.1 μg.ml⁻¹. C represents the control peptide D-8A. Mean values are shown n=3, *P<0.015 relative to CC1-Fc alone. (b) Recombinant D-7 (black columns) but not D-8A (grey columns) inhibits the binding of multiple strains of both homologous and heterologous species (as indicated above each graph) to CC1-Fc. Whole cell lysates of distinct isolates from different genera were dotted on to nitrocellulose and overlaid with CC1-Fc alone or in the presence of the peptides (2 μg.ml⁻¹ each). Percent inhibition values in the presence of the peptides relative to their absence were obtained by densitometric analysis using NIH Scion Image software. Data are representative of two to three independent experiments.

FIG. 25 shows that D-7 inhibits bacterial binding to a range of CEACAM expressing cell lines. (a) Immunofluorescence analysis of bacterial interactions with transfected CHO cells expressing CEACAM1 following preincubation of cells without or with peptides (2 μg.ml⁻¹) as indicated. Inhibition of the adherence of bacteria visualized by rhodamine labelling is observed in the presence of D-7. (b) Quantitative analysis of inhibition of bacterial binding to CHO-CEACAM1 cells using a viable count assay. Target monolayers were preincubated with control peptide (2 μg.ml⁻¹; C) or a range of D-7 as shown. Mean values of % inhibition with D-7 compared to the control peptide are shown (n=3-6, *P<0.05). Strains used in a and b were: Mx (MX1), Nm (C751D), Hi (THi, Rd) and Hi-aeg (A3), (c) Inhibition of Nm (C75 ID) binding to distinct CEACAMs by D-7. HeLa cells expressing CEACAM1 (CC1), CEA or CEACAM6 (CC6) were preincubated with either no peptide, control peptide (2 μg.ml⁻¹; grey columns), or D-7 (2 μg.ml⁻¹; black columns). Mean numbers of adherent Nm per cell were obtained using an immunofluorescence assay and by direct counting of 20 cells in each case. (d) A HeLa cell line with high levels of CEACAM1-expression (HeLa-CC1H) that supports adhesion via pili and Opa protein, was infected with h18.18, a capsulate and piliated derivative of strain MC58 expressing Opa and Opc adhesins. Cellular adhesion was reduced with prior (pre) or simultaneous (sim) addition of D-7 but not D-8A as indicated. (e) Inhibition of bacterial interactions with A549 lung epithelial cells known to express CEACAMs following preincubation of cells with either no peptide, control peptide (2 μg.ml⁻¹), or D-7 (2 μg.ml⁻¹) as indicated. Strains used were Mx (MX1), Nm (C751D) and Hi (Hi-aeg, A3).

FIG. 26 is a chart showing that affinity purified rabbit antibody raised against D-7 inhibits both homologous and heterologous Mx binding to CEACaM1-Fc (CC1-Fc). In a dot-blot overlay experiment, binding relative to no antibody control was determined by densitometric analysis using NIH Scion Image software. Good inhibition is observed for the Mx strains tested but not so for other bacterial species tested including Hi (THi Rd & Hi-aeg A3), Nm (C751A & C751D) and Ng (P9-13). Data are representative of three independent experiments.

FIG. 27 shows adhesion of N. meningitidis to HMEC1 cells alone (A) or in the presence of control peptide (B) or the blocking peptide D-7 (C). Note the virtual complete inhibition in the presence of D-7.

FIG. 28 is a multiple alignment of fragments of known UspA1 protein sequences corresponding to fragment 4-T of MX2 sequence. Residues that are conserved in all of the sequences analysed are shaded black. Residues that are conserved in all sequences where they are present, but there is a deletion of the corresponding position in one or more sequences are shaded dark grey. Where there is variation in the residue present at that position, the consensus residues are shaded light grey.

EXAMPLE 1 Moraxella catarrhalis strains bind to human CEACAM1-Fc via the UspA1 proteins

The strains of Moraxella catarrhalis (Mx) used in this study include clinical isolates (MX3 and MX4) as well as reference strain purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 25238, a clonal culture of this was designated MX2).

Receptor Overlay Assays show that Mx Bind to CEACAM 1-Fc Receptor Constructs

To assess the interaction of M. catarrhalis strains with CEACAM1, bacteria (c. 4-8×10⁶) were applied to nitrocellulose, air dried and non-specific binding sites blocked in 3% BSA-PBST. Nitrocellulose strips were overlaid with either CEACAM1-Fc (1-2 μg ml⁻¹) alone or in the presence of the CEACAM1 N-domain antibody YTH71.3. CD33-Fc (1-2 μg ml⁻¹) was used as a negative control. Chimeric protein constructs were prepared as previously described¹¹. Chimeric receptor binding was detected by goat anti-human Fc antibodies conjugated to either horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Blots were developed with either diamino benzidene and hydrogen peroxide or nitroblue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoylphosphate substrates respectively. All Mx strains bound to CEACAM1-Fc but not to CD33-Fc (FIG. 1). The receptor binding was inhibited in the presence the monoclonal antibody YTH71:3 suggesting that the strains bound to the N terminal domain of the receptor. Accordingly, all the strains bound equally well to the truncated N-Fc construct of CEACAM 1, containing only the N domain (not shown).

Identification of CEACAM 1-Fc Binding Protein of M. catarrhalis

Whole cell lysates of Mx (c. 3×10⁷) were applied to individual lanes of a 10% bis-tris polyacrylamide gel (Invitrogen) either without previous heat treatment or after heating at 100° C. for 10 minutes and subjected to electrophoresis for 45 min at 180 V. Proteins from the gels were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes using standard blotting conditions. Nitrocellulose membranes were overlaid with soluble chimeric constructs as described above. In each case, a single protein was observed that bound specifically to CEACAM1-Fc. The migration of the protein on gels was indicative of UspA1 protein of Mx, since when bacterial lysates were applied without heat denaturation, the CEACAM1 binding proteins migrated with an apparent mass of >200 kDa whereas when the lysates were first heated, the CEACAM1-binding-proteins migrated with a reduced mass of circa 92 kDa (FIG. 2)

Antibodies raised against UspA1 but not those against a similar protein UspA2 bind to the CEACAM1-Fc binding proteins of Mx strains

Peptides were designed according to published sequences for the UspA proteins of M catarrhalis strains. Namely, ETNNRQDQKIDQLGYALKEQGQHFNNR (SEQ ID NO:1; UspA1-peptide) and KDEHDKLITANKTAIDANKAS (SEQ ID NO:6; UspA2-peptide). Peptides were coupled to KLH via an N-terminal cysteine residue that was incorporated and were used to immunise rabbits (200 μg peptide per rabbit) at 14 day intervals, initially with complete Freund's adjuvant and thereafter with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Rabbits were bled at day 0 and at 14 day-intervals post immunization. Polyclonal antibodies were purified using the appropriate peptide coupled to AminoLink Plus columns (Pierce). UspA-specific antibodies were used at a concentration of 1-10 μg ml⁻¹ for Western blot overlays and detected with goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody coupled to alkaline phosphatase. Blots were developed as described earlier. The migration of the CEACAM 1-Fc binding proteins on SDS-PAGE of the three Mx strains was identical to that of the UspA I-antibody binding proteins but not UspA2-antibody binding proteins (FIG. 3)

M. catarrhalis Ligand co-Precipitating with CEACAM1-Fc is Identified as UspA1

Overnight cultures of bacteria were suspended in 100 mM octyl βD glucopyranoside in PBSB containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (pic; PMSF 1 mM, E-64 1 μM, pepstatin A 11M, bestatin 6 nM and EDTA 100 μM). Samples were mixed end over end overnight at 4° C. Meanwhile 100 μl protein A coupled to sepharose CL-4B (Sigma) was incubated with either, 20 μg CEACAM1-Fc or CD33-Fc (used as a control) overnight at 4° C. and subsequently washed 3 times with PBSB to remove any unbound receptor. Insoluble bacterial material was removed by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 30 min. Soluble extract was incubated with either receptor-Protein A sepharose complex for 2 h at 4° C. (at a ratio of5×10⁸ bacteria per μg of receptor construct). Following extensive washing with 50 mM octyl βD glucopyranoside and PBSB samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Western Blotting under denaturing conditions.

In co-precipitation experiments with CEACAM1-Fc, MX4 yielded a strongly staining protein of c. 97 kDa and MX3 yielded a relatively weakly staining protein of c. 92 kDa. The masses of co-precipitated proteins corresponded to those-observed in the receptor overlay experiments (shown in FIG. 3). Neither protein co-precipitated with CD33-Fc. The co-precipitated proteins were further identified as UspA1 proteins since they bound to anti-UspA1 peptide antibody. In addition, following excision from the gel, the MX4 protein was subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (see below).

CEACAM1 Ligand Identification by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

(a) Western overlay samples. Whole cell lysates of MX2 and MX3 were subjected to SDS-PAGE in trench gels and the protein band corresponding to CEACAM1-Fc binding ligand was electroeluted from the gel. The sample was concentrated and reapplied in a single lane of a second gel, subjected to electrophoresis prior to in-gel trypsin digestion of the appropriate protein. The resulting peptides were analysed by Matrix-assisted Laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. An example of the resulting mass spectrum is shown for the CEACAM binding protein of MX2 (FIG. 4 a). The peptide masses obtained were entered into the ProFound protein identification site and the results were obtained as shown for this protein (FIG. 4 b, c). In this case 10 peptide masses were matched to predicted masses for tryptic peptides of UspA1 of M catarrhalis covering approximately 18% of the protein (FIG. 4 d). The estimated Z score of 2.34 is strongly suggestive of the protein being UspA 1 (Z score >1.65 are above the 95^(th) percentile; http:/129.85.19.192/profound_bin/webProFound.exe). In addition, another non-binding high molecular weight band of MX2 was identified as UspA2 following a similar analysis. Similarly for strain MX3, the CEACAM1 binding and non-binding proteins were identified as UspA1 and UspA2 respectively.

(b) Co-precipitated samples: For MX4, the CEACAM1-Fc co-precipitated protein (as described above) was also identified as UspA1 by MALDI-TOF MS with a Z score of 2.27 in an all taxa search. 12 peptides were matched covering 21% of the protein.

This study therefore has identified that Moraxella catarrhalis targets human CEACAM1 via the high molecular weight protein UspA1 in the reference and clinical strains indicated.

Enzymatic Cleavage of UspA1 and Recombinant Peptide

(a) Tryptic Peptides of UspA1 Bind to CEACAM1-Fc

MX2 bacterial suspensions (10¹⁰ ml⁻¹) were treated with Trypsin (Sigma) at 0.1-1 mg/ml concentrations and incubated for 1-4 hours at 37° C. Digested lysates were dissociated in SDS-PAGE buffer, boiled and subjected to electrophoresis. After transfer to nitrocellulose, the blots were overlaid with the receptor construct CEACAM1-Fc or the affinity purified anti-UspA1 peptide antibodies. A small fragment reacting with the receptor also bound to the anti-UspA1-specific antibodies (FIG. 5).

(b) Localization of CEACAM Binding Domain of UspA 1 of M. catarrhalis Strain MX2

MX2 bacterial suspensions were treated with Trypsin at 1 mg/ml for 10 minutes at 37° C.

The trypsinized sample was run on an SDS-PAGE gel. After staining, the 50 kDa region was electroeluted overnight. Electroeluted protein was freeze dried and resuspended in buffer and applied to a second gel. Part of the gel was blotted onto nitrocellulose and peptide bands reacting with CEACAM were identified by Western, blotting overlay using CEACAM1-Fc. (FIG. 7).

Peptide bands corresponding to circa. 50 kDa and circa. 150 kDa peptides were subjected to N-terminal sequencing. The N-terminal sequences were ALESNVEEGL (SEQ ID NO:4) (c. 50 kDa peptide) and ALESNV (SEQ ID NO:7) (c. 150 kDa peptide). The 150 kDa protein is apparently a trimer of the 50 kDa protein as they have the same N-terminal sequence. The N-terminal sequence of this peptide of MX2 UspA1 is shown in FIG. 8.

(c) Recombinant Peptide

The N-terminal recombinant MX2 peptide that was constructed consisting of amino acids 1 to 449 of the sequence shown in FIG. 6 does not bind CEACAM. This further indicates that the c. 50 kDa tryptic peptide consisting of amino acids 463 to 863 of the sequence shown in FIG. 8, having the N-terminal sequence ALESNVEEGL (SEQ ID NO:4) contains the CEACAM-binding domain.

EXAMPLE 2 Identification of Receptor Binding Domains on Multiple Virulence Determinants of Mucosal Pathogens

N. meningitidis and H. influenzae target human CEACAM molecules via ligands that bind to overlapping sites on CEACAM. The Mx ligand/s of the present invention also target the N domain. These observations point to an exciting possibility that similar features on ligands of several mucosal pathogens may be involved in receptor targeting.

Because Nm and Hi interactions with CEACAMs are affected by the structural features of the surface expressed variable domains, this suggests that they may contain similar crucial amino acids in a spatial configuration that are able to bind to the receptor and these may be conserved in otherwise variable proteins. Indeed our studies and those of others suggest that the two hyper-variable loops of Opa (HV1 and HV2) may be involved in CEACAM targeting ^(9,18). One powerful technique that can identify possible determinants of interactions between ligands and receptors is phage display, which can be used to identify mimotopes (random sequences to mimic the binding domains)¹⁹ as well as aptamers (sequences more closely related to the original structure that inhibit ligand binding) ²⁰.

The current invention also makes it highly feasible that the Mx ligand domain that binds CEACAMs will act as a mimic for other CEACAM-binding mucosal pathogens and the structural features of this ligand will help identify the salient features required in Nm and Hi ligands for CEACAM N-domain targeting. Antibodies to the Mx domain could have the potential of identifying other ligands that have the capacity to target the same, similar or closely positioned region of the receptor.

Identification of the minimal CEACAM1 binding domain of MX2 UspA1 is being undertaken using known methods of protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant peptides can be screened in vitro by receptor overlay assays described above to detect the domain of MX2 that binds to the receptor. His-Tagged peptides can be separated on a nickel column, His-Tag cleaved as required and used for immunising rabbits and mice to obtain antibodies for further investigations.

A peptide of suitable length for biological applications may be determined by examining immunological stimulatory properties as well other functions such as blocking of receptor binding.

EXAMPLE 3 Salient Features of the Receptor Required for Ligand Interactions

Since the N-domain of CEACAM is sufficient for the interactions of Opa proteins, the present inventors are using phage display technique also to investigate adhesive epitopes of the CEACAM N-domain. The knowledge of the ligand-binding region/s on the receptor, which has been studied by the present inventors by alanine scanning mutagenesis of the receptor⁹ has facilitated this study. In this case also, a ligand overlay assay is available for biopanning (affinity concentration) of chimeric phages that bear receptor sequences.

Receptor analogues have the potential to block multiple strains independently of the Opa type produced since our studies have already shown that despite their antigenic variation, distinct Opa proteins require common features on the receptor for primary adhesion⁹. It is also of interest to note that CEA antigens are shed from the gut mucosa and may block adhesion of E. coli strains also known to target CEACAMs. This has been proposed as a mechanism of innate immunity vs. enteric pathogens. ¹² Thus these receptor analogues act as therapeutic agents.

EXAMPLE 4 Production of Recombinant CEACAM-binding Moraxella catarrhalis UspA1 Peptides

Summary

PCR amplification of several fragments along the length of UspA 1 was carried out using the primers shown in FIG. 9. Recombinant peptides were obtained as described below. In the first round, it was found that the recombinant peptide that bound to CEACAM1 was encoded by DNA amplified by primers P4 and P8 but not that encoded by region between P1 and P5. Further, recombinant P4-P7 bound CEACAM1 but not P6-P8. Additional primers were used within P4 and P7 region. Region D-7 retained CEACAM-binding. The sequence of fragment 4-7 is shown in FIG. 10.

General Cloning, Expression and Purification Strategy for Recombinant UspA1 peptides

The UspA1 fragment 1-5 was produced using the pBAD system. The required PCR products were TA cloned into pBAD vector and TOP10 E. coli strain was used for amplification. The rest of the procedure was as shown in FIG. 11 with the exception that pBAD was induced using arabinose. The fragment 4-7 was produced using both the pBAD and pQE30 (FIG. 11) systems with similar CEACAM-binding results. The rest of the fragments were produced using the strategy in FIG. 11.

Vector and the pQE30 Expression System

The vector pQE30 (FIG. 12) was used in conjunction with E. coli strain M15. M 15 contains the plasmid pREP4 encoding a repressor, which restricts transcription of DNA cloned into pQE30. The addition of IPTG to a concentration of 1 mM prevents coding of this repressor and thus transcription of the cloned fragments in pQE30.

The Cloning Strategy

PCR amplimers were first ligated into pCR2.1. This provided a stable host from which the amplimer could be recovered by restriction digest (BamHI/Pst1), ensuring that each end of the gene fragment was cut. pQE30 was similarly digested and recovered by gel purification, which also ensured that both restriction sites had been cut. Digested pQE30 and UspA1 amplimer were ligated overnight at 16° C. with T4 DNA ligase and transformed into CaCl₂ competent E. coli M15. Transformants were selected for on LB agar supplemented with ampicillin (100 μg/ml) and kanamycin (25 μg/ml). 4-8 colonies were picked and grown in LB broth with antibiotics. Bacteria from 3-4 ml of culture were collected by centrifugation and subjected to the alkaline-lysis miniprep method. Purified vector was digested as above to check for uspA1 insert. Bacteria containing pQE30 with a correct sized insert were grown in 50 ml. cultures and induced with IPTG (see below). Western blots were then used to screen for recombinant protein production. IIn addition, vectors were sequenced to determine that the insert was the correct region of DNA and to check for any sequence errors.

Expression and Purification

M15 containing pQE30/uspA1 constructs were grown in LB (supplemented with 100 μg/ml Ampicillin and 25 μg/ml Kanamycin) broth with shaking to OD600=0.5 before the addition of IPTG to a concentration of 1 mM. Cultures were incubated for a further 3-4 hours and bacteria recovered by centrifugation. Bacterial pellets were solubilized in buffer B (8M urea, 50 mM Tris, 10% ethanol, 2% Tween, 5 mM imidazole, pH 7) for 1-3 hrs and membrane material removed by centrifugation at 20,000 g for 20 min. Supernatants were incubated with nickel resin for 1-2 hrs on a rotary mixer, and passed through a polypropylene column. The retained resin was washed with 5-10 ml buffer B and bound protein eluted with 0.5 ml elutions of buffer B supplemented with 100 mM imidazole. Eluted proteins were checked by SDS-PAGE before dialysis to remove urea and other salts.

Recombinant Fragments

A: Fragments 1-5 and 4-8

These fragments produced by pBAD system showed that 1-5 did not bind CEACAM1 but 4-8 did.

B: Fragments 4-8,4-8T, 4-7 and 6-8 Produced using pQE30 System.

Fragment 4-8 was the first rUspA1 fragment produced and was found to bind CEACAM1 with a high affinity in blot-overlay assays. In addition to the full-length 4-8 rUspA1 peptide, a smaller, truncated, protein was observed. This peptide (designated 4-T) also bound CEACAM1 and appeared to be expressed at lower levels than 4-8 (FIG. 13). Sequence analysis of pQE30/4-T found that a mismatch (CAA to TAA) led to a termination codon at residue Q624 (see FIG. 10).

Peptides 4-7 and 6-8 were produced in order to rule out the possibility that a second CEACAM binding site occurred in 6-8. As predicted from the 4-T peptide, 4-7 demonstrated CEACAM binding (FIG. 13) but 6-8 did not (FIG. 14).

C: Fragments D-8 and D-7 Produced by pQE30 System

Both rUspA1 fragments D-8 (FIG. 15) and D-7 (not shown) were found to bind CEACAM 1.

Biological Activity of Recombinant Peptide 4-7

M. catarrhalis strain MX1 and H. influenzae strain Rd bind to Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with CEACAM1. Their binding can be blocked with M. catarrhalis UspA1 recombinant peptide 4-7 but not a control peptide (FIG. 17).

In a further experiment it was shown that recombinant peptide D-7 (but not recombinant 6-8 i.e. residues E659-K863 of UspA1 of MX2) inhibits binding of both homologous and heterologous strains to transfected CHO cells expressing CEACAM1 (FIG. 23). Following preincubation of cells with either no peptide (column 1), control peptide (2 μg.ml⁻¹; column 2), or D-7 (2 μg.ml⁻¹; column 3) bacteria were added and non-adherent bacteria removed by washing after 1 h incubation. Bacteria associated with cells were then detected using antisera raised against distinct strains and rhodamine conjugated secondary antibodies. Mx: Moraxella catarrhalis, Nm. Neisseria meningitidis; Hi: Haemophilus influenzae.

EXAMPLE 5 Characterization of CEACAM1-Binding Peptides

Peptide D-7 was found to be the strongest binding recombinant peptide. Therefore, region D-7 (142 amino acids; see FIG. 16) of MX2 contains the CEACAM1 binding information.

Truncated peptide 4-T (197 amino acids) retains weak binding (FIG. 13). Therefore region D-T may contain a region with CEACAM1 binding ability.

A single amino acid substitution, K 560 1, in D-7 was found to nearly abolish CEACAM1 binding.

Deletion of the region 571-632 in the peptide D-8 (D-8A) resulted in a loss of CEACAM1 binding.

Linear overlapping peptides spanning the D-T region (FIG. 19) were made and tested for their ability to bind CEACAM1. No binding to CEACAM1 was observed.

Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

The peptide D-7 and the mutant D-7 (K 560 1) were analysed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Circular dichroism spectra were obtained at room temperature using a Jobin-Yvon CD6 spectropolarimeter. Spectra of recombinant D-7 and D-7 (K 560 1) at concentrations 0.1 mg/ml were measured in quartz cuvettes. All spectra are averages of 8 scans with relevant protein-free buffer spectra subtracted and were plotted using Excel (Microsoft Inc.).

The spectra obtained show that D-7 has an α-helical structure whereas D-7 (K 560 1) adopts a random coil formation (FIG. 18). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is proposed that CEACAM1 binding of Mx UspA1 requires an α-helical based conformation, perhaps a coiled coil structure.

SUMMARY

From the results described above, the inventors concluded that CEACAM1 binding of Mx UspA1 requires a region within D-7 in addition to an α-helical based conformation, perhaps a coiled coil structure.

The finding that the CEACAM1 binding domain of Mx UspA1 adopts an α-helical based conformation that is required for receptor binding is particularly interesting. Opa proteins require careful reconstitution for presentation of the CEACAM-binding domains which occur on different surface exposed loops. The present findings suggest that D-7 refolds spontaneously to provide the CEACAM-binding property. In D-7 the coiled structure provides a globular sub-unit structure with appropriate conformation for CEACAM1 binding. This advantageous property of the D-7 peptide means that the peptide, and derivatives, homologues or fragments thereof, could have particular utility as a sub-unit vaccine or therapeutic. Derivatives of the D-7 peptide having the required a-helical based conformation may be identified by the unique “fingerprint” circular dichroism spectrum.

EXAMPLE 6 Sequence Analysis

An alignment of the D-7 region of the amino acid sequences of the UspA1 proteins of ten strains of Mx is shown in FIG. 20.

Six out of ten strains are identical over the sequenced region. Strains MX3 and MX4 are 100% identical over the available sequence of the D-7 region and have overall identities 90.85% and 88.03% respectively, taking into account the N-terminal 13 and 17 amino acid residues for MX3 and MX4 respectively that have not been determined.

The remaining two strains TTA37 and 035E have deletions as shown (FIG. 20) which occur within the region D-T. Overall identity including the gaps in D-7 is 70.4% and 50% respectively. TTA37 is identical in the remaining region of 100 amino acids whereas 035E is identical in 71 out of 72 amino acids when aligned manually (FIG. 21). It is known that 035E does not bind to CEACAM1. TTA37 is not available for testing.

EXAMPLE 7 Adhesion Blocking Properties of D-7

Results

The potential of D-7 as an anti-adhesive agent effective against homologous and heterologous strains of Mx, Nm, Ng and Hi was first examined using the-soluble receptor. CEACAM1-Fc (CC1-Fc) was preincubated with D-7 prior to overlay of whole cell lysates of two Mx strains dotted onto nitrocellulose. Recombinant D-7 was shown to inhibit binding of CC1-Fc significantly to a heterologous strain MX1 and to the homologous strain MX2 in a dose dependent manner (FIG. 24 a). Inhibition was significant and appeared to reach a plateau above 0.01 μg. ml⁻¹. No such inhibition was displayed by the control peptide (D-8Δ), previously shown not to bind CEACAM1 (Example 5). Further, the inhibition of multiple bacterial strains was determined. The majority of the strains used represented clinical isolates of world-wide origins (see Methods). Significant and specific inhibition was displayed by D-7 but not D-8A (FIG. 524 b). The blocking effect of D-7 was then examined using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with CEACAM1 (CHO-CEACAM1). As with the soluble receptor, an inhibition of binding of Mx, Nm and Hi to CHO-CEACAM1 cells was observed following preincubation with D-7 but not with the control peptide (FIG. 25 a and b). The inhibition of bacterial binding to CHO-CEACAM1 cells was dose dependent and significant at or above 0.11 g. ml⁻¹ for Mx and Hi and 0.2 μg. ml⁻¹ for Nm (FIG. 25 b). Near complete abrogation of bacterial binding to CHO-CEACAM1 was obtained at concentrations of c. 2 μg. ml⁻¹ (FIG. 25 a and b). Values obtained for inhibition tentatively suggest an order of affinity for CEACAM interactions of the bacteria used in this study as Nm>Mx>Hi. Besides CEACAM1, N. meningitidis has been shown to target other members of the human CEACAM family, including epithelial CEA and CEACAM6 (NCA) ⁹, this is also the case with some Mx strains, Hi strains tend to target CEACAM1 as a preferred receptor (data not shown). Following preincubation with D-7 (2 μg. ml⁻¹), inhibition of Nm binding was observed to transfected HeLa cells expressing CEACAM1, 6 and CEA (FIG. 25 c).

The efficacy of D-7 was further tested using HeLa-CC1 H, a cell line generated to express high-levels of CEACAM1 to mimic, in part, a possible in vivo inflammation state of epithelial cells. High receptor density allows Opa-expressing bacteria to attach to target cells despite the presence of capsule ⁷. Therefore, this model allowed us to also use a phenotype of Nm (h18.18) that may be found in vivo i.e. capsulate, piliated and expressing the outer-membrane proteins Opa as well as Opc ^(15,25). First, binding of an Opa-deficient derivative of h 18.18 to HeLa-CC1H was tested and was found to be relatively low (10-20 bacteria per cell) and was due to the expression of pili. As expected, the adherence of h18.18 to HeLa-CC1 H was much enhanced (100-150 bacteria per cell) and despite the contribution of pili, cellular adhesion by h18.18 was considerably reduced by the prior or simultaneous treatment with D-7 (FIG. 25 d). In addition to the above, D-7 was tested on the human lung epithelial cell line A549, known to express CEACAMs ²⁶. This cell line was chosen since it also expresses receptors for other Mx ligands 27, thus the efficacy of the D-7 in reducing bacterial-load could be tested. In the presence of D-7 (2 μg. ml-1) but not D-8Δ, a dramatic decrease in interaction of Nm and Hi with A549 cells was observed (FIG. 25 e). Reduction in binding was observed for Mx strain also, and although in comparison relatively lower, it was nonetheless significant (FIG. 25 e).

Methods

Bacterial Isolates and Culture

Mx and Nm were grown on BHI agar supplemented with 10% heated horse blood whereas, Hi were grown on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar supplemented with Levinthal base. Ng strains were cultured on GC agar. All bacteria were cultured at 37° C. for up to 16 h in a 5% CO₂ incubator. Mx strains were clinical isolates obtained from cases of otitis media and COPD and represent isolates from several countries. Eagan, cI and fl are typable Hi with capsules of type b, c and f respectively, Rd is an acapsulate derivative of a type d strain. Strains A930065 and NT1 are NTHi. Strains A3, F2087, F3035 and F1947 are Hi biogroup aegyptius isolates. Nm isolates C751A, C751B and C751D are three distinct Opa expressing isolates of a serogroup A strain C751. Other isolates were of the following serogroups: PMC17(A), C311 and MC58 (B), and C114 (C) PMC2 (29E), PMC4 (W135) and PMC10 (Y). Ng isolates P9-13, 16 and 35 are intrastrain Opa variants of strain P9 and other clinical isolates were of worldwide origin. The majority of strains employed in the current study have been described further previously ^(10,26,28).

Antibodies

Anti-poly histidine mouse monoclonal antibody was purchased from Qiagen and used at 0.2 μg. ml⁻¹. Polyclonal antisera against Mx, Nm and Hi strains were raised in rabbits using standard protocols and whole cell lysates of multiple strains as antigens. Anti-UspA1 antibody (R38) used in this study has been described in Example 1 and 26 Polyclonal antiserum against D-7 was generated in rabbits by immunization with peptide bound to Ni-NTA resin (Qiagen; 100-200 μg of peptide per immunization). Complement was inactivated by heating the antisera at 56° C. for 30 min. Anti-D-7 antibodies were affinity purified using peptide D-7 coupled to AminoLink Plus column according to the manufacturer's protocol (Pierce).

Soluble Receptor Constructs & Cell Lines

Soluble CEACAM1-Fc and CHO cells transfected with CEACAM1 used in this study have been described previously ^(11,9). HeLa cells expressing a range of CEACAM molecules were a gift from Professor Wolfgang Zimmerman (University of Munich, Germany) and Dr Scott Gray-Owen (University of Toronto, Canada) and-were grown-in RPMI 1640 containing 10% foetal calf serum (FCS). A549 human lung carcinoma cells (Flow laboratories) were cultured in F12 Ham medium containing 10% (FCS). HeLa cells expressing high levels of CEACAM were generated by using Tet-On™ (Clontech) gene expression system. The ceacaml gene was cloned into the pTRE-2hyg response plasmid (Clontech) and transformed into HeLa cells that contained the regulatory gene (Clontech) using Fugene-6 (Roche). Transfectants were selected using 400 μg. ml⁻¹ hygromycin. Those transfectants that were positive for CEACAM expression were selected using FACS and limiting dilution. HeLa-CC1H clone in the presence of 0.25 μg. ml⁻¹ doxycycline produced the highest levels of the receptor.

Receptor Overlay Assays

These experiments were based on a previously described method⁹ with the following exceptions. For inhibition studies CEACAM1-Fc (0.1 μg. ml⁻¹) was preincubated with D-7 or control peptide (0.001-2 μg. ml⁻¹) for 1 h at RT. Blots were subsequently overlaid either with CEACAM1-Fc (0.1 μg. ml⁻¹) alone or preincubated with peptides as described. Alternatively blots were overlaid with purified rabbit anti-D-7 antibody (10 μg. ml⁻¹) for 1 h prior to overlay with receptor (0.1 μg. ml⁻¹). In either case, levels of receptor binding were determined by densitometric analysis using the NIH Scion Image program.

Inhibition of Bacterial Adherence to CEACAM Expressing Cells by Peptide D-7

Confluent monolayers of cells were pre-incubated with peptide D-7 or control peptide (0.1-2 μg. ml⁻¹) for 30-60 min at 37° C. in 199 medium with the addition of 2% foetal bovine serum. Monolayers were examined following preincubation with peptide to ensure no deleterious effect on the cells had occurred. Subsequently, monolayers were incubated at a ratio of c. 100-200 bacteria per cell in 199 medium with the addition of 2% foetal bovine serum for 1 h at 37° C. Non-adherent bacteria were removed by washing 4 times with 199 medium and monolayers were then either treated for immunofluorescence detection or lysed with 1% saponin and dilutions of bacteria plated out for determination of colony forming units (cfu) as described previously ²⁵. For immunofluorescence detection, cells were fixed in absolute methanol for 10 min., washed and blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS containing 0.05% Tween for 1 h. The attached bacteria were detected using anti-bacterial antisera and rhodamine conjugated secondary antibodies. Numbers of bacteria adhering to HeLa-CEACAM expressing cells were obtained by direct counting using an Olympus 1X70 microscope, with ×400 magnification. Mean values of bacteria bound were obtained after counting adherent bacteria to 20 cells chosen at random from duplicate experiments. Bacterial adherence to HeLa-CC1H was determined by cfu analysis as described above.

EXAMPLE 8 Anti D-7 Antibody Inhibits Mx-CEACAM1 Interactions

Results

Rabbit antisera generated against D-7 contained antibodies that were cross-reactive with UspA1 from several Mx strains in Western blot overlay of whole cell lysates (data not shown). No binding of anti-D-7 was observed to Nm Opa or Hi P5 by Western blotting using affinity purified antibodies (data not shown). Incubation of whole cell lysates of a range of Mx strains with anti-D-7 (10 μg. ml⁻¹) prior to CC1-Fc overlay resulted in a significant inhibition of the receptor binding with the majority of strains showing greater than 80% inhibition (FIG. 26). However, only low levels of inhibition were observed for strains of Hi, Nm and Ng in similar experiments. Thus antibodies against D-7 could offer protection against Mx infection whereas D-7 may serve as a more general anti-microbial peptide for a diverse range of CEACAM targeting bacteria.

EXAMPLE 9 Inhibition of Bacterial Adherence to CEACAM Expressing Human Endothelial Cells by Peptide D-7

In order to assess the effect of D-7 on endothelial cells, confluent monolayers of HMEC-1 cells were used. The human microvasular endothelial cells were preincubated with either D-7 or a recombinant control molecule (both at 1 μg.ml⁻¹) for 60 min. Bacteria (OpaD-expressing isolate of N. meningitidis strain C751) were then added at infection ratio of 100 bacteria per cell and incubated for 1 hr at 37° C. Following this time, non-adherent bacteria were removed by washing and the monolayer fixed in methanol for 10 min at room temperature. Adherent bacteria were detected by overlay with rabbit polyclonal antisera against N. meningitidis and subsequently anti-Rabbit TRITC conjugated secondary antibody.

The majority of the endothelial cells had up to 30 associated bacteria per cell in the absence of peptides. In the presence of the control peptide no obvious inhibition of bacterial binding was observed. However, in the presence of D-7, the binding was virtually abrogated with occasional cells having 1-2 bacteria attached (FIG. 27).

Thus D-7 is capable of inhibiting Opa-CEACAM mediated adhesion of N. meningitidis to endothelial cells as well as epithelial cells.

EXAMPLE 10 Conservation of the Sequence of Fragment “4-T” (Amino Acids 427-623 of MX2 UspA1) amongst known UspA1 Protein Sequences

TABLE II Strains and sequences used GenBank accession number Strain Length (aa) AAN84895 P44 913 AAB96359 O35E 832 AAF40122 TTA37 873 AAF40118 O12E 922 AAF36416 O46E 892 AAD43469 V1171 912 AAD43467 TTA24 941 AAD43465 ATCC25238 (MX2) 863

A multiple alignment with all full length protein sequences was done to identify the corresponding fragment in sequences of other strains. TABLE III Location of corresponding fragment Strain From aa To aa Length ATCC25238 427 623 197 O12E 515 682 168 O35E 495 592  98 O46E 456 652 197 P44 477 673 197 TTA24 505 701 197 TTA37 486 633 148 V1171 476 672 197

The multiple alignment for these fragments is shown in FIG. 28. The associated identity percentages are shown below. TABLE IV Percentage sequence identity of fragments defined in Table III O12E O35E O46E P44 TTA24 TTA37 V1171 ATCC25238 95 85 96 99 96 97 97 O12E 92 95 96 95 79 94 O35E 90 86 91 89 89 O46E 97 98 98 98 P44 97 97 97 TTA24 98 98 TTA37 98

As shown in Example 6 for the region D-7, the above results indicate that the region 4-T is highly conserved among different strains, with sequence identity of 95% or more for all strains tested except O35E (85% identity). As previously noted, O35E does not bind to CEACAM. Accordingly, peptides comprising or consisting of conserved regions of sequence 4-T (427-623), as shown in FIG. 28, are preferred peptides according to the invention with utility for the treatment or prophylaxis of disease, in particular diseases where CEACAM receptors are implicated.

REFERENCES

-   1. Cartwright, K. et al. 1995. In Meningococcal Disease. John Wiley     & Sons. -   2. van Alphen, L. & van Ham, S. M. 1994. Rev Med Microbiol 5:245. -   3. Foxwell, A. R. et al. 1998. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:294. -   4. van Alphen, L. et al. 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:2094. -   5. Karalus, R. et al. 2000. Microbes & Infection 2:5 -   6. Kraft, M. 2000. Clin Chest Med 21:301. -   7. Virji, M. et al. 1996. Mol Microbiol22:929. -   8. Virji, M. et al. 1996. Mol Microbiol22:941. -   9. Virji, M. et al. 1999. Mol Microbiol34:538. -   10. Virji, M. et al. 2000. Mol Microbiol 36:784. -   11. Hill, D. et al. 2001 Mol Microbiol 39: 850. -   12. Hammarström, S. 1999 Cancer Biol 9:67. -   13. Stephens, D. S. 1989. Clin Microbiol Rev 2:S 104. -   14. Virji, M. et al. 1991. Mol Microbiol 5:1831. -   15. Achtman, M. 1995 Trends Microbiol 3:186. -   16. Merz, A. J. & So, M. 2000 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 16:423. -   17. Woods, J. P. & Cannon, J. G. 1990 Infect Immun 58:569. -   18. Wang, L-F & Yu, M. 1996 In Methods Mol Biol 66:269     (Morris, G. E. ed). Humana Press.

19. Colman-Lerner. 2000. Trends Guide p. 56 (Wilson, E. ed.).

20. Beauchemin, N., et al., 1999. Exp Cell Res 252: 243-249.

-   21. Boulton I. C. & Gray-Owen S. D. 2002. Nat Immunol 3(3):229-36. -   22. Chen T. et al., 2001. J Leukoc Biol 70(2):335-40. -   23. Lafontaine, E. R., et al., 2000. J Bacteriol 182: 1364-1373. -   24. Virji, M. 2001. Trends in Microbiology, 9: 258-259. -   25. Virji, M. et al. 1995. Mol Microbiol 18: 741-754. -   26. Hill, D. J. & Virji, M. 2003. Mol Microbiol 48: 117-129. -   27. Holm, M. M., et al. 2004. Infect Immun 72:1906-1913.     -   24. Virji, M. 2001. Trends in Microbiology, 9: 258-259. -   25. Virji, M. et al. 1995. Mol Microbiol 18: 741-754. -   26. Hill, D. J. & Virji, M. 2003. Mol Microbiol 48: 117-129. -   27. Holm, M. M., et al. 2004. Infect Immun 72:1906-1913. -   28. Virji, M. et al. 1990. Microb Pathog 9:441-450. -   29. Langermann, S. et al. 1997. Science 276:607-611. -   30. Ofek, I. et al. 2003. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 38:181-191. -   31. Simon, P. M. et al. 1997. Infect Immun 65:750-757. -   32. Idanpaan-Heikkili, I. et al. 1997. J Infect Dis 176:704-712. -   33. Kelly, G. C. et al. 1999. Nat Biotechnol 17:42-47. -   34. Gan, B. S. et al. 2002. J Infect Dis 185:1369-1372. -   35. Reid, G. & Burton, J. 2002. Microbes Infect 4:319-324. -   36. Pinyon, R. A. et al. 2004. J Infect Dis 189:1547-1555. -   37. Reid, G. et al. 2001. Trends Microbiol 9:424-428. -   38. Toleman, M. et al. 2002. Cell Microbiol 3:33-44. -   39. Budt, M. et al. 2002. Biol Chem 383:803-812.     Incorporation by Reference

The contents of all references (including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications) cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

Equivalents

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 

1. A ligand which is a part of the whole UspA1 molecule including the CEACAM receptor binding domain, said ligand comprising residues 427 to 623 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a fragment thereof required for CEACAM receptor binding.
 2. The ligand according to claim 1, wherein the ligand consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of residues 463 to 863, 527 to 623, 527 to 668, 527 to 863, 427 to 623, 427 to 668 and 427 to 863 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 3. A medicament comprising the ligand according to claim 1 or claim 2 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, vehicles, excipients, binders, carriers, or preservatives.
 4. Use of the medicament according to claim 3 for the treatment or prophylaxis of infection.
 5. Use of the medicament according to claim 3 for the treatment or prevention of a disease in which CEACAM receptors are involved in the cellular targeting of the pathogen which causes the disease.
 6. Use according to claim 5 for the treatment or prevention of infection, respiratory disease, neoplastic diseases and associated conditions of neoplastic diseases, and angiogenesis.
 7. Use according to claim 4, where the infection is of, or has occurred via, a mucosal membrane.
 8. Use according to claim 7, wherein the infection is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis.
 9. Use of the medicament according to claim 3 for the prophylaxis or treatment of otitis media.
 10. Use of the ligand according to claim 1 in a screening assay for the identification of novel blocking reagents for use as therapeutic agents comprising screening potential therapeutic agents for their ability to mimic, or for their homology to said ligand.
 11. A vaccine comprising the ligand according to claim 1 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, vehicles, excipients, binders, carriers, or preservatives.
 12. A method of treating or preventing infection in an individual in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a medicament according to claim
 2. 13. A ligand substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated by FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings.
 14. A medicament substantially as hereinbefore described comprising the ligand of claim
 13. 15. Use of a CEACAM receptor binding ligand in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease in which CEACAM receptors are involved in cellular targeting of the pathogen which causes the disease, wherein the ligand is a part of the whole UspA1 molecule including a CEACAM receptor binding domain, said ligand comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of residues 463 to 863, 527 to 623, 527 to 668, 527 to 863, 427 to 623, 427 to 668 and 427 to 863 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a fragment or functional equivalent thereof which retains CEACAM binding ability.
 16. Use according to claim 15 wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of infection, respiratory disease, neoplastic disease and associated conditions of neoplastic disease, and angiogenesis.
 17. Use according to claim 15, wherein the pathogen infects, or enters via, a mucosal membrane.
 18. Use according to claim 16, wherein the pathogen infects, or enters via, a mucosal membrane.
 19. Use according to claim 15, wherein the pathogen which causes the disease is-selected from the group consisting of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
 20. Use according to claim 19, wherein the disease is otitis media. 